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Energy transfer is the movement of energy from one location to another. For example, when electricity moves from a wall plug, through a charger, to a battery. Energy transformation is when energy changes from one form to another – like in a hydroelectric dam that transforms the kinetic energy of water into electrical energy. An air conditioner's filters, coils, and fins require regular maintenance for the unit to function effectively and efficiently throughout its years of service. Neglecting necessary maintenance ensures a steady decline in air conditioning performance while energy use steadily increases.

Counter Accusations
Thermal Energy Unit
Gravitational Potential Energy Unit
Energy Unit Conversion Table

As energy is defined via work, the SIunit of energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalenta of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, 1 joule is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units

{displaystyle 1 mathrm {J} =1 mathrm {kg} left({frac {mathrm {m} }{mathrm {s} }}right)^{2}=1 {frac {mathrm {kg} cdot mathrm {m} ^{2}}{mathrm {s} ^{2}}}}

An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high energy physics is the electronvolt (eV). One eV is equivalent to 1.60217653×10⁻¹⁹ J.

In spectroscopy the unit cm⁻¹ ≈ 0.0001239842 eV is used to represent energy since energy is inversely proportional to wavelength from the equation ${displaystyle E=hnu =hc/lambda }$ .

In discussions of energy production and consumption, the units barrel of oil equivalent and ton of oil equivalent are often used.

British imperial / US customary units[edit]

The British imperial units and U.S. customary units for both energy and work include the foot-pound force (1.3558 J), the British thermal unit (BTU) which has various values in the region of 1055 J, the horsepower-hour (2.6845 MJ), and the gasoline gallon equivalent (about 120 MJ).

Electricity[edit]

An energy unit used for electrical power, particularly for utility bills, is the kilowatt-hour (kWh); one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to 3.6 megajoule. Electricity usage is often given in units of kilowatt-hours per year or other time period. This is actually a measurement of average power consumption, meaning the average rate at which energy is transferred. One kilowatt-hour per year is about 0.11 watts.

Natural gas[edit]

Natural gas is often sold in units of energy content or by volume. Common units for selling by energy content are joules or therms. One therm is equal to about 1,055 megajoules. Common units for selling by volume are cubic metre or cubic feet. Natural gas in the US is sold in therms or 100 cubic feet (100 ft³ = 1 Ccf). In Australia, natural gas is sold in cubic metres. One cubic metre contains about 38 megajoules. In the most of the world, natural gas is sold in gigajoules.

Food industry[edit]

The calorie is defined as the amount of thermal energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by 1 Celsius degree, from a temperature of 14.5 °C, at a pressure of 1 atm. For thermochemistry a calorie of 4.184 J is used, but other calories have also been defined, such as the International Steam Table calorie of 4.1868 J. In many regions, food energy is measured in large calories or kilocalories equalling 1000 calories, sometimes written capitalized as Calories. In the European Union, food energy labeling in joule is mandatory, often with calories as supplementary information.

Atom physics and chemistry[edit]

In physics and chemistry, it is still common to measure energy on the atomic scale in the non-SI, but convenient, units electronvolts (eV). The Hartree (the atomic unit of energy) is commonly used in calculations. Historically Rydberg units have been used.

Spectroscopy[edit]

In spectroscopy and related fields it is common to measure energy levels in units of reciprocal centimetres. These units (cm⁻¹) are strictly speaking not energy units but units proportional to energies, with ${displaystyle hcsim 2cdot 10^{-23} mathrm {J} mathrm {cm} }$ being the proportionality constant.^[1]

Explosions[edit]

A gram of TNT releases 4,100 to 4,600 joules (980 to 1,100 calories) upon explosion. To define the tonne of TNT, this was standardized to 1 kilocalorie (4,184 joules) giving a value of 4.184 gigajoules (1 billion calories) for the tonne of TNT.^[2]

References[edit]

^Johnson, R. D., ed. (2002). 'CCCBDB What's a cm-1?'. Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark DataBase. National Institute of Standards and Technology. doi:10.18434/T47C7Z. Retrieved 2013-11-13.
^Thompson, A.; Taylor, B. N., eds. (2019). 'Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically'. NIST Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). National Institute of Standards and Technology (9th ed.).

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Because energy is defined via work, the SI unit for energy is the same as the unit of work

Energy Unit&nbsp;miss E. Mac's Class

Energy Unit miss E. Mac's Class